Improvements in light source control and modulation



Aug. 21, 1962 P. M. G. TOULON 3,050,654

IMPROVEMENTS IN LIGHT SOURCE CONTROL AND MODULATION Original Filed May 13, 1955 10 Sheets-Sheet 1 INVENTOR PIERRE M, G. TOULON ATTORNEYS Aug. 21, 1962 IMPROVEMENTS IN LIGHT SOURCE CONTROL AND MODULATION Original Filed May 13, 1955 End Of Line End Of Field Synchronized Motor FIG. 6.

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IMPROVEMENTS IN LIGHT SOURCE CONTROL AND MODULATION Original Filed May 13, 1955 10 Sheets-Sheet 8 Fl 2. 543 7 l 542 540 INVENTOR BY M ATTORNEYS Antenna Aug. 21, 1962 P. M. G. TOULON 3,050,654

IMPROVEMENTS IN LIGHT SOURCE CONTROL AND MODULATION Original Filed May 13, 1955 10 Sheets-Sheet 9 IZI Synchronous Motor INVENTOR 7111025 M. 6-. flaw/y Conventional ReceivenHF, Frequency Changer, Detector, Separation in Accordance With Level Of Synchronizing Signals WjM ATTORNEYS Aug. 21, 1962 IMPROVEMENTS IN LIGHT SOURCE CONTROL AND MODULATION Original Filed May 13, 1955 P. M. G. TOULON e01 809) 8'28 BIZG st 6 d T V Green Video Slgnol D spemon Gran cable a" on or video Channel color Receiver VIM |at 9" ulge Amphfler Min; s Red Video Sl nol Diode And Cirouin 80 606 Condensers BZR Voice Coil 5" of End or Lino usmmm.

F eld /5lgnol a 808 25 315 Signal r I Frequency Dispersion z alo' Owllw And Mullipliers 2 Stage Spark Gop Roloy Slorlnq And Supp. F Rosloring 814) H [Oscillators 1 Slorlng And Resloring u. s. Pol. No. 2685644 350 v Amplifier Wllh Phase Shifter: 8.8 l Bl! 8'5 M61 1 4 Color TV Screen 31$" 2%? Vertical Tubes s.N. l2l ;M mi mg; Rolo w m zvfi z gg Glow Discharge Diode AnclTnode Control uspomm/ 2'414336 I37 IPZ I38 I03 I39 2499233 lOl Odd Conventional Field I27 I15 Q3 cg FIG. 13A. Even (.533 5. 06 I45 Odd iao lia/ a; ar '3 2? E INVENTOR on v El I35 El E1 firm: M, 6', flaw I355 I22 B5 I23 I36 I24 ATTORNEYS nit tatcs atent 3,059,654 IMPROVEMENTS IN LEGHT SOURCE CONTRGL AND MGDULATION Pierre Marie Gabriel Toulon, Pittsburgh, Pa., assignor to Moore & Hall, Washington, D.C., a firm Continuation of application Ser. No. 508,144, May 13,

1955. This application Nov. 6, 1957, Ser. No. 694,369

21 Claims. (Cl. 313-168) This application is a continuation of my copending application Serial No. 588,144, filed May 13, 1955, for Television Systems With Reference to Color. This application isdirected to modulated light producing systems for illuurination, decorative and mural display purposes, While copending divisional application Serial No. 599,960, filed July 25, 1956, for Ferro-Electric Electroluminescent Color Television Display Device, is directed to the television applications of the invention.

The present invention concerns improvements in light source control and modulation with amplification of white or colored light for wide application in general lighting as in homes, offices, stores, theaters, and the like, as well as in light projection and television screens with high level illumination.

it is an object of the invention to provide means for the illumination of a room by a mural panel which produces light at a selected level and of a selected color and shade, all of which may be varied at will. The panel may comprise a flat, thin mural television screen capable of producing a picture. In addition to the disclosure below, reference is made to my United States Patents Nos. 2,479,880, 2,558,019, 2,595,616, 2,595,617 and 2,848,536 and 2,967,907 which is a continua-tion-in-part of my copending application Serial No. 12,194, filed February 29, 1948, now abandoned. The panels may be of any desired size and may cover an entire wall or ceiling of a room. Such a panel can be employed to produce any desired mural pattern which need not move, but can be a mural in the true sense, changeable to suit the taste or interest. See US. Patent 2,595,616 above. Again, the panel may be a light source only, without a pattern of any kind. For such applications the modulation control can be greatly simplified because the individual picture dots can all be merged into a single dot covering the entire panel and controlled by a single pair of ferro-electric capacitors. A combination of individually controlled panels may be used in a room and the panels may take any desired shape to produce a desired effect. With the elimination of the more or less elaboratemultiple dot control structure and the substitution of a single ferro-electric bridge or its equivalent, the light panel can be made only a fraction of an inch thick.

Ferro-electric materials and the ferro-electric effect used herein are described and defined in Van Nostrands Scientific Encyclopedia, first published in 1938 and since revised. Reference is made to page 646 of the third edition, 1958. See also part 3, chapter 7, section 8, of the Handbook of Physics, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Condon and Odishaw, editors, 1958; International Dictionary of Physics and Electronics, page 331, D. Van. Nostrand Co. Inc, 1956, and ELF-A New Electroluminescent Display, Sack, pages 1694-1699, Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers, October 1958.

Van Nostrand defines the ferro-electric eilect and the' materials as follows:

Ferro-clectric effect:

The phenomenon whereby certain crystals may exhibit a spontaneous dipole moment (which is called ferro-electric by analogy with ferro-magneticexhibiting a permanent magnetic moment). The effect in the most typical case, barium titanate, seems to be due to a polarization catastrophe, in which the local electric fields due to the polarization itself increase faster than the elastic restoring forces on the ions in the crystals, thereby leading to an asymmetrical shift in ionic positions, and hence to a permanent dipole moment. Ferro-electric crystals often show several Curie points, domain structure hysteresis, much as do ferro-magnetic crystals.

Ferroelectric materials:

The dielectric analogue of ferro-rnagnetic materials, Theiruses parallel those of term-magn tic materials in such applications as magnetostrictive transducers, magnetic amplifiers, and magnetic information storage'devices. Rochelle salt was the first ferro-electric materials to be discovered and the barium titanate ceramics arei'mportant presentday materials of this type.

it is an object of the invention to provide novel cold light producing means for any purpose which may be modulated as desired by an external control signal of any kind, whether a manual light switch giving. modulated control, video signals for a television receiver or transducers of all kinds.

it is an object of the invention to provide means for the amplification of light.

It is an object of the invention to provide a modulated light producing panel of. large area and a fractionof an inch thick, which has laminar structure, each lamina producing a selected color of light which may be individually modulated or controlled so that any desired brilliance and color may be produced by the panel by the selective control of the light level of each color and the synthesis of the individual colors by emanations from the rear lamina passing through those in front of it.

It is an object of the invention to provide novel means tor the production of light in a multi-element screen as an improvement over my copending applications Serial No.

. 231,095, filed June 12, 1951, now abandoned, for Television Tube, and Serial No. 149,062, filed March 11, 1950, now abandoned, for Television System for High Defini tion andSecrecy of-Image, and which utilizes my US. Patent No. 2,5 68,375 Signal Distributing System, to which reference is made for background.

, It is an object of the invention to provide an electrooptical picture surface in which every dot on the surface can be individually controlled. A high frequency voltage is supplied simultaneously to all the dots. Independent elemental neon tubes may be used or a fiat gas-filled tube can be lighted locally by a grid controlled high frequency field. I have employed direct current of the order of .microamperes in connection with a pair of term-electric capacitors, the two making a bridge with the elemental neon tube. The direct current varies the ratio of; the voltage between the two small condensers and thereby the ratio of their effective capacities. This action affects the equilibrium of the bridge and so controls the current passing throughthe small neon tube. Suitable size elements can be made with small flattened tubes coated preferably inside with fluorescent or phosphorescent material. The electro-optical elements may have a size of 0205 square inch. and canbe constructed with an area of the rder of 0.01 square inch, if desired. Smaller sizes are of course possible, .but cost is a limiting factor. Good results canbe obtained with a capacity of the order of two to five micromicrofarads per element, an A.C. voltage of about ,two hundred volts and a 110. controlling voltageof about a thousand volts for the ferro electric condenser. An A.C, frequency of twenty kc. is preferred though other values can be employed. Under .these conditions the average capacity .per square inch of the screen is about three micromicrofarads and flightlevels of the order of two hundred fifty foot candles are obtainable. r l ,It is an object of the invention to use a .titanate capacitor as a ferro-electric ceramic bridge, forming part of a circuit by which small flattened picture tube portions or the like are selectviely energized to create light of a desired color.

It is an object of the invention to provide a novel wall-type screen for both monochrome and color television, having relatively shallow depth substantiaily independent of the picture size.

With the general use of television screens of increasing size, it appears that anew approach to video presentation is desirable. This arises in part because as cathode ray tubes are made in large sizes, such as 30 inches and 38 inches in diameter, they suffer from many drawbacks, i.e. length, cost, danger of explosion, lack of resolution, lack of brightness, etc. The new method of video presentation and the color television screen described herein, when used in connection with the basic discontinuous dot interspersed technique described in my US. Patent No. 2,479,880, has the following advantages: (l) The resolving power of the screen is at least twice as great in both vertical and horizontal directions as that of present-day receivers. As a result, the 525 lines of conventional kinescope become 1050, which improves its quality very substantially. The proposed screen with twice the effective number of lines may subtend an angle as large as 20 dgreees at the observers eye.

(2) The size of the screen is quite large (approximately 48 inches wide :by 36 inches high), and may be extended into the. billboard and motion picture fields.

(3) The brightness of the screen can readily be made ten times or more greater than the phosphor screens of conventional color kinescopes, e.g. 250-foot candles as against 25-foot candles. Also the efiective lighting time of any individual dot on the screen is greatly increased.

(4) Substantially saturated colors may be obtained. The use of Wratten filters located outside the tubes eliminates the need of baking to obtain a suitable vacuum.

(5) The depth of the screen is small, namely, one or two inches for the large size screen where there is enough room to place the glow discharge, field emission, diode and triode assemblies in front of each element. For smaller screens where as many as ten layers of glow discharge triodes have to be placed in front of one another, the thickness may be as much as fifteen inches. Where the screen is employed as a light panel for i1- lumination purposes, its thickness can be reduced to a fraction of an inch.

(6) Ease of maintenance, because all parts are removable from the screen for replacement or repair as components and are capable of being mass produced.

Theseadvantages result from the use of new techniques for the production of light and for the distribution and storage of video information. The new scanning system permits the presentation of four times as many picture elements as are normally seen on a television screen with the use of video channels of normal band width. With further development of the structure here shown, the resolving power of the screen might be increased by a factor much larger than two, thus permitting viewing angles greatly in excess of 20 degrees.

tFor production of the light, the face of the screen comprises a large number of very fine, e.g. 0.04 inch OzD. glass tubes filled with gas at low pressure, e.g. neon at a pressure of 200 mm., and arranged vertically. In one form, each tube has small transparent electrodes located on one outer wall and a tungsten wire at ground potential running internally along the axis of the tube. As will be seen, a second outside electrode may replace the tungsten wire. By the application of a high frequency potential, e.g. fifty kc./s., to the transparent electrodes, localized excitation of the gas may beproduced. The light output so produced varies with the amplitude of the ap plied potential. In the case of color, three tubes are installed in line, one in front of the other or in echelon. The red tube at the rear contains neon at a pressure of 200 mm. Hg and is covered with a red Wratten filter. The blue and green tubes are preferably made of ultraviolet transparent glass and the blue and gree nphosphors therefore may be located externally on these tubes if desired. These two tubes are filled with nitrogen and helium at about a pressure of 100 mm. Hg, in equal proportions. To reduce the absorption of the light by the phosphors, the tubes may be immersed in a high refractive index material such as bromobenzine which has a refractive index of 1.65, whereas the phosphor has an index value which is only slightly greater. It is desirable that the two indices have as nearly the same values as possible.

For modulation of the light output, the modulation circuit associated with each transparent electrode utilizes two ferro-electric condensers in a bridge circuit. The capacity of these condensers may be varied by the application of a D.C. potential to them as shown below. The circuit arrangement for each picture element and for the sake of simplicity, the brightness of each element, is shown controlled by the DC. potential of a slider contact of a potentiometer. When the position of the slider is changed, the DC. potential increases across one condenser and decreases across the other. Thus, the capacity of one condenser decreases while the other increases, thus causing an unbalance of the bridge circuit and the application of an HP voltage to the electrode of the tube. With a typical arrangement, a DC. current flowing for one sixtieth of a second is sufficient to raise the light level from zero to full light output. The direct current required to give full light output is less than ten micro-amperes for each picture element.

The storage of the video information is handled as follows. As previously mentioned, the ferro-electric condenser-s have the ability to store the video information and maintain the light output at a constant level between the arrival of two successive signals or pieces of video information. As a consequence of this action, light output is increased and flicker is decreased. The charge or discharge of the condensers occurs during a period less than half the frame time, namely, one-twentieth of a second, by means of a glow discharge triode. By means of suitable 6,000-volt power supplies, and a commutator, a positive potential of 6,000 volts may be applied to the needle of a field emission glow discharge triode of special design. The first grid of this triode is at ground potential. Because of the gas discharge action of the triode, either a positive or a negative charge may be acquired by the anode circuit, the magnitude of the charge being controlled by a grid. The capacity of this grid is very small, about 0.2 /L/Lf-, and small voltages of the order of only 20 volts are sufficient to obtain complete modulation. Video information may be stored on, employed for control and erased from this grid by means of a field emission glow discharge diode in the distributing circuit.

In the case of television, the picture is changed thirty times a second. There are other applications in which the chaugein brilliance can be made at a lower rate, e.g. a few seconds, a minute, or more. In those cases the current required to charge the ferro-electric condenser which is well insulated, can be extremely small, i.e. 10* amperes or less. At the same time the alternating current may have a higher frequency, e.g. 30 kc. or more, producing a resultant current passing through the light source that is very high, e.g. ten millianiperes or more. The current gain is therefore very high, e.g. 10 The application of these structures as light amplifiers can be very eflicient in varied fields.

A new method of scanning is provided by this invention.

. In conventional television practice, a scanning frequency only four hundred dots in each of the four hundred eighty horizontal lines of the picture are used.

In the case of color, the number of eifective picture elements is even further reduced. In the screen here described, the quality of the picture is-greatly improved because the number of dots is doubled in both horizontal and vertical directions. This is the result of the storage of the video information of the condensers associated with each picture element in the circuit. The video information is stored until the arrival of new information. That is to say, each dot is illuminated substantially continuously to .all intents and purposes, at a level required by the signal information, until thenext signal for that dot arrives. Because of this continuity of illumination, the flicker is reduced and the quantity of light increased many fold. In the new method of scanning, eight fields are presented in succession at a frequency of 8X75 per second. The dots presented by each of these eight fields are interspersed so that the observer sees good continuity in the movement of objects across the screen even when this movement is rapid because a dot structure is produced in 5 or of a second.

The drawings are presented as representative of the development of the invention from an idea to its embodiment in various physical forms. intended to beillustrative and are not to be taken as limiting.

FIGURE 1 is a perspective view of one form of lighting element forming part of a television screen and illustrating the basic principle of the lighting of individual localized portions of a filamentary tube containing a gas such as neon or the like at low pressure to produce elemental area picture dots representing a pictorial reproduction by excitation by relatively high frequency electricity.

FIGURE 2 is a schematic diagram showing, by mechanical analogy, the progressive control of local light in a small filamentary tube by the change in the ratio of two capacities, involving physical movement of a common plate and is representative of the basic modulation of each dot of a picture screenby a bridge circuit containing a double capacity.

FIGURE 2A shows'the application of the dot modulation of FIGURE 2 to a series of adjacent dots on tubes comprising a color television screen.

FIGURE 3 is a diagrammatic curve of capacity plotted against voltage showing a characteristic basicproperty of a condenser comprising a ferro-electric ceramic material such as barium strontium titanate.

FIGURE 4 is a schematic diagram showing how the ratio of the DC. voltage applied-to two barium strontium titanate condensers can be changed. Because the AC. capacity varies in accordance with the applied D.C. voltage, the mechanical progressive variation shown in FIG- URE 2 can be replaced by a stationary electric control of the voltage applied to the common lead of the two condensers.

FIGURE 5 is a schematic composite diagram showing the variation in capacity of two ceramic condensers in series as a function of the bridge voltage.

FIGURES 5A, 5B and 5C are equivalent circuits showing various forms twin ceramic condensers may take to make the bridge construction.

FIGURE 6 is a schematic arrangement showing the application of the basic principle oflocal modulation of light with a ceramic condenser bridge, by varying the capacity ratio by a very small direct current, to the modulation of the difierent elements or dots of a line on a television screen.

FIGURE 6A is an equivalent schematic circuit showing oneapplication of the. invention to the controlled illumination of a flat surface.

FIGURE 7 is a schematic showing on one application of the-basic amplification of current by the field emission or glow discharge air field triode described in my US.

The several figures are 6 Patent No. 2,499,233, for control of voltageapplied tothe ferro-electric condenser disclosed in FIGURE 6.

FIGURE 8 is a. schematic showing of one form of combination of the. preceding structures for ferro-electric dot modulation with the electro-ionic commutation disclosed in my U.S. Patents Nos. 2,474,338 and 2,499,233.

FIGURE 8A is a fragmentary exploded perspective view of one form of composite monochromatic screen incorporating my invention.

FIGURE 9 is a schematic diagram of the use of two conventional triodes and mechanical commutators presented as simplified showing for obtaining the same re sult as the electro-ionic commutation of my US. Patent No. 2,474,338 in a ferro-electric bridge controlled screen system.

FIGURE 10 is one form of graph of the relationship of charge in volts on condenser K of FIGURE 9. with respect to time, showing the storing and restoring cycle.

FIGURE 11 is a schematic showing of how the difierent elements of the screen are supplied in accordance with FIGURE 2 of US. Patent No. 2,474,338. The mechanical commutator can be replaced by thyratrons as shown by a double throw. double pole switch arrangement employed to show the functional equivalence of the two means.

FIGURE 11A is one form of thyratron electronic commutation circuit arranged for connection as part of the aircuit of FIGURE 11.

FIGURE 12 is a schematic section of an adaptation of the invention to a flat three-color television screen.

FIGURE 13 is a schematic showing of the application of my discontinuous dot interspersed technique described in US. Patent No. 2,479,880 to the ferro-electric stroage condenser television system.

FIGURE 13A is a schematic representation of a conventional scanning pattern, showing the multiplication of the number of dots for the same screen area by a factor of four.

FIGURE 13B is a schematic showing of the relation between the conventional dots in white and the new dots in black and the order of arrival of the video signal information in FIGURE 13.

FIGURE 14 is a schematic blockdiagram of atelevision receiving system according to the inventionand showing the employment of many of my related inventions in combination to produce a complete large screen, high light level color television system. 7

In the drawings, like numerals refer to like parts throughout.

In FIGURE 1 is disclosed one form of elemental structure utilizing a small tube 10 capable of being coated inside with a fluorescent or phosphorescentmaterial llland filled with a. low pressure inert gas of the kinds com monly used in glow discharge tubes such as argon, neon, krypton and the like. As the tube 10 represents a line on a television screen, it should be dimensioned accordingly to comply with television broadcast standards. In closed circuit television installations much greater freedom in choice of tube size can be exercised. When the inner coating is not employed and local gasglowdischarge alone is relied upon to produce an image, the tubes 10 can be filamentary, but in many cases they are substantially larger. Where cost is not prohibitive phosphors can be used with filamentary tubes. In outdoor screens of large size, the elemental tubes lfi can be correspondingly. larger. .Where the size of the television screen permits, the tube diameter may be chosen to correspond to one-half, one-third or one-quarter of line thickness as suggested in my copending application Serial No. 231,095, filed June 12, 1951, for Television Tube for obtaining high definition.

The front part of the tube It} in FIGURE 1 has been broken both to show that the .tube 10 is much longer than might appear, and to permit the inclusionof a simplerepresentative circuit portion so that the basic principle of local or spot lighting which permits the utilization of discontinuous dot interlace scanning disclosed in my pioneer U.S. Patent N 0. 2,479,880, now licensed to the television industry, may be illustrated. Reference is also made on this point to my copending application Serial No. 149,062, filed March 11, 1950, entitled Television System for High Definition and Secrecy of'lmage. It will be seen that the tube 10 has a spot or like portion positioned between the plates 12 and 13 of a simple condenser which are connected by wires 14 and 15 to a tank circuit 16 comprising inductance 17 and a suitable condenser 18', the circuit being grounded at 19. A high frequency voltage may be impressed across tank circuit 16 by any suitable local oscillator means which may, for example, be connected to wire 14 and grounded. When the frequency of the applied oscillation corresponds to the resonant frequency of tank circuit 16 the voltage across plates 12 and 13 is a maximum, as is also the glow discharge or light emitted by the tube portion between the plates. As the effective capacitance of tuning condenser 18 is varied so also is the voltage across plates 12 and 13 with a resultant decrease in the amount or brightness of the light emitted by the portion of tube 10 subject to the acion of plates 12 and 13. The upper part of FIGURE 1 is a schematic showing of a series of dots on a vertical or horizontal line of a picture screen represented by tube 10 and comprises condenser plates 12a, 12b, 12c, 12d, etc. and a common plate 13x grounded at 13x. It will be seen that voltages of different magnitudes may be applied to each of the plate elements 12a, 12b, 12c, 12d, etc., and the light emitted by the corresponding portions of tube 10 may be controlled both in brightness and time for use as picture elements in blac'k-and-white as well as threecolor television. As. will appear below, such a picture is produced on a screen made up of a large number of tubes 10 in side-by-side relation.

Although the circuit of FIGURE 1 can be used to modulate the light produced, as described above, it is not the best arrangement for that purpose. FIGURE 2 shows a mechanical counterpart of a next step by which the modulation of the light is obtained by means of a bridge circuit employing two condensers in series. The gas filled tube 10, with or without a phosphor coating 11, is shown in section with a dot portion between representative condenser plates 12 and 13. A local oscillator or tank circuit 16 is used, as in FIGURE 1, but the variable condenser 18' is now used merely as part of the local oscillator with its frequency adjusted to about 50 kc., as one example for successful operation. A double condenser which is effectively two condensers in series has fixed curved plates 20 and 21 of equal size and curvature and a I movable plate 22 pivoted at 23 and rotatable in either direction as shown. Plate 20 is connected to tank 16 at junction 24 by wire 25. Plate 21 is connected to tank 16 at junction 26 by wire 27. Movable plate 22 is connected to plate 13 by wire 28. Plate 12 is connected to the midpoint 29 of inductance 17 by wire 30. The above arrangement provides progressive control of the light emitted by the activated portion of tube 10 or coating 11 because rotation of plate 22 varies the ratio of the two capacities C represented by plates 21, 23 and C represented by plates 20, 22 which affect the balance across the bridge of which plates 12, 13, tube 10, wires 23 and 30 form a part.

The application of this construction to a three-color television screen is indicated in FIGURE 2A in which corresponding numerals are employed with subscripts and primes. The color phosphors, gases or filters are indicated at 11 11 and 11 wherein the subscript letters represented red, blue and green.

Where the capacities C and C are condensers, having a dielectric of ferro-electric ceramic material such as barium-strontium-titanate, they can be constructed to produce a characteristic curve of capacity plotted against applied voltage as shown in FIGURE 3. As there shown,

. 8 the main body of the curve has a fairly long, straight portion with a negative slope extending between a maximum around point 31 and a minimum at the breakdown point 32.

In the curve of FIGURE 3 a ferro-electric ceramic having a dielectric constant K of 6,000, yields a C max. or maximum capacitance of about ten micro-microfarads on application of one hundred fifty volts and a C min. of 0.8 volt, just before breakdown. The substantially straight portion between C max, point 31, and C min, point 32, is tr e range of successful operation.

The subcombination circuit shown in FIGURE 4 contains two ferro-electric ceramic condensers C and C comprising metallic plates 40 and 41 separated by a ferroelect-ric ceramic dielectric 42 and metallic plates 43 and 44 separated by a ferro-electric ceramic dielectric 45, respectively. Although dielectrics 42 and 45 are both stated to be of ferro-electric ceramic material and such construction is presently preferred, successful results have been obtained where only one of the two dielectrics is ferroelectrical ceramic material. Plate 40 is connected by wire 46 to one side of a 1,000 volt D.C. supply 4'7, the other side of which is connected to plate 43 by wire 48. Plates 41 and 44 are connected by a wire 49 having a lead wire 50 connected thereto. Wire 50 contains decoupling resistance 51 of about 1,000 megohms and a slide 52 arranged to be moved along supply 47 from zero to 1,000+ volts. This arrangement provides an electrical means for varying the relative capacity of condensers C and C from 1:5 and 5:1 respectively, dependingupon which end of DC. supply 47 the slide 52 is positioned. As a practical matter, because of the addition of A.C. and'D.C. voltages together with parasitic capacity in the circuit components, the effective ratio variation is only about 1:2 and 2:11, which is sumcient to produce the desired effects.

The modified form shown in FIGURE 5A combines the two condensers in a compact form. The two middle plates 41 and 44 are replaced by a single plate 53 with coatings 54 and 55, two mils in thickness, of a ferroelectric ceramic such as barium-strontium-titanate between it and plates 40 and 43, respectively. Wire 50 is connected to central plate 53 as shown. Slide 52 rides on resistor 56 for control of the DC. supply from battery 47.

FIGURE 5 is a composite characteristic curve for the condensers C and C of FIGURES 4 and 5B, showing the respective values of capacitance plotted against applied voltage] In FIGURE 5B two ferroelectric ceramic condensers C and C comprising plates 60 and 61, separated by ferroelectric ceramic material 62 and plates 63, 64 separated by ferroelectric ceramic material 65, respectively, are connected in series across a 1,500 volt D.C. supply 66 by wires 67, 6% and 69. A bridge is formed by wire 70 connected to junction 71 with wire 69 and having a slider contact 72 riding on a 1,000 megohm rheosta-t resistor 73 and containing a current limiting resistor 74.

It will be seen that because of the negative slope of the characteristic curves C zC is V V the circuit constants are chosen so that the straight portions of the capacitance characteristic curves between operating points O.P. and O.P. coincide. On the curve C it will be noted that O.P. occurs at about ten micro-microfarads, well below C, max. of 10.5 micro-microfarads and that O.P. is set at about one micro-microfarad, well above breaking point B.P. of about 0.8 microfarad. On the curve C the breaking point B.P. occurs beyond O.P. and O.P. is well within C max. For the particular setting of slide '72 shown, the condensers C and C are operating at O.P. FIGURE 5 is, of course, a representation of two curves such as are shown in FIGURE 3, and which have been selected with the same constants, reversed because of the negative characteristic slope and superimposed. The points O.P. and O.P. are determined by the safe limits of coincidence of the straight portions of the curves. It will be understood that the two curves C and C in practice might not always coincide ideally but have a 9 slight curvature or how between the points O.P. and O.P. which is entirelysatisfactory within selected limits of tolerance.

FIGURES 4, 5A, 5B, 5C and 6A are intended to show equivalent constructions of paired 'ferro-electiic condensers according to the invention and similar or equivalent parts are indicated by the same numerals. FIG- URES 5C and 6A show the application of the modulation control structure to flat or sli htly curved surfaces which may be large enough to cover an entire Wall or ceiling. Where a mural is desired condenser plate or equivalent 12 may take the form of a dot or other elemental picture area, or it may be larger, as in patterned murals made up of large picture elements such as so-called modernistic design in any desired color. Again, the condenser plate or equivalent 12 can be large enough to cover the entire wall surface which is then illuminated evenly at any desired modulated light level and in any selected color.

The schematic arrangement in FIGURES 6 and 7 demonstrates one possible manner of utilizing the above principles for the modulation of light, using an exceedingly small direct current of 'the order of a fraction of a micro-ampere to control a relatively high value of current in a small elemental screen area, the electro-optical element representing a dot, with plenty of light production, the brightness being about ten candles per'square foot or better. This effect is achieved with a modulation component of very small size, having a volume of the order of twenty by forty by forty mils.

A television screen component tube 75 of glass has a transparent conductive coating 76 of zinc oxide or the like on the inner side thereof. Coating 76 may be grounded as at 77 and corresponds to common grounded plate 13x of FIGURE 1, except that it serves all of the tubes 75 making up the television screen, which may be 525 or more, including multiples or fractions thereof, depending upon the standards in force and the definition desired.

Each tube 75 has elemental areas or dot portions 78, 78', 78", etc., which are normally substantially contiguous, but are shown spaced in FIGURE 6 for clearness. The segments 78 etc. may comprise cylindrical rings of conductive transparent material or localized portions 81,

81, 82" etc., shown connected to a fine contact wire,-

which need not be transparent. A barium-strontiumtitanate sheet 79 suitably supported serves as the dielectric for the many pairs of ferro-electric condensers 80, 80', 80", etc. A local oscillator 81 supplies the energizing power to a magnetically coupled pair of windings 81 which together with condenser 82, variable condenser 83 and battery 84 provide a power supply 92 which is the equivalent of the energizing circuit of FIGURES 1 and 2. Resistors 85, 85, 85", etc. provide different DC voltage across condenser pairs 80, 80, 80", etc., and therefore different corresponding light levels at theelemental screen areas 78, 78', 78", etc.

The commutation system shown in FIGURE 7 comprising synchronous motor 86, brush 89, contact segments 90 and battery 91 for operating air field emission triode 88 is merely a mechanical representation for the purposes .of simplicity of presentation and a quick understanding of the principles here employed. However, the preferred form of the invention employs an electronic distribution system without moving parts. As will be shown below, motor 86 is synchronizedon the end of line. signal of a standard television receiver and the modulation. applied at terminal 87 is supplied by first stage of video signal distribution 614 and cable 633 of FIGURE 9, for example. The anode, grid and point emitter assembly 88 is the field emission triode of my U.S. patents indicated which provides a-very cheap, compact control operating in the atmosphere. The preferred distribution system is disclosed in my U.S. patents, as followers, and will bediscussed below:

To pass from the single video channel to the respective vertical wires of thegrid control system of the picture screen, the signal distributing system circuits shown in my U;S. Patents No. 2,471,253; No. 2,568,375; No. 2,541,133;-

No. 2,565,102; No. 2,565,103; No.2,513,760; and No. 2,555,015, are used. The distribution of the video information along the vertical wires of the screen control is made according to my U.S. Patent No. 2,474,338. The, very small levelinformation is amplified for. each dot according to my US. Patent No. 2,499,233. the output of which is supplied to the middle plate of the twin ferroelectric condensersof the present invention. The above patents in turn refer to other of my related US. Patents, such as, for example, No. 2,201,066, for a large television screen and all these patents, as well as those identified above, are incorporated herein by reference.

In FIGURE 8, gas filled tubes-300, of the same color, comprise the face of a large television screen. Eachtube has a large number of independent electrodes 3.01, 301', 3051", etc., corresponding to the number of, effective dots on each line here shown expanded. for clarity. Inside each tube is a wire electrode 302, each connected to a common lead wire 303 at a fixed voltage with reference to ground.

Tubes 300 are coated inside with fluorescent material and contain a mixture of argon and mercury vapor at low pressure. Depending upon the color desired, other gases such as sodium vapor, xenon, neon, or the like may be used alone or mixed together. Where added ultraviolet light is desired to excite the phosphors, krypton, nitrogen and the like may also be used. The art is replete with other examples.

The local modulated light between each electrode 301 and the corresponding internal conductor 3.02 produced supplies the power to illuminatethe local areas. or dots on the screen.

Leads 317 and 318 are tapped off secondaries 311 and 312 and are connected by a low capacity tuning condenser 319. Leads 317 and 318 are extended along a ferroelectric insulating support member 320. A sheet of formelectric materials 320 of .lbarium-strontiumetitanate or the like, supports a series of pairs of condensers, one pairfor' each dot represented by electrode 301. The bottom plates 3211 are connected to lead wire 317 on one side and the bottom plates 322 are connected to lead wire 318 on the other side. The top plates 323 and 324 of-eachpair of condensers are connected together by a lead wire 325 leading from electrode 301. It will lbe understood that there is a ferro-electricsupport memberSZO for each tube 300. As a practical matter; theferro-electric mate-. rial 320 is builtup from a number of smaller piecesabout 0.020 mil thick. As discussed above,,each pair of plates 321 and 323 comprises a capacity C and each pair of plates 322 and 324 comprises a;capacity C The bridge comprising capacities C and C secondaries 311 and 312 is adjusted to A.C.- equilibrium, providing a condition of no voltage between electrodes 301 and conductor wires 302. The ratio of the capacities C /C is determined by the inverse ratio of theetfective voltages of secondaries 311 and 312. The application of a DC. signal voltage to wire 325 changes the ratio C /C as described in connection wi-thFIGURE 5 and provides an exciting AC. voltage of modulated value between the selected electrode 301 and wire electrode 302, locally exciting the gas and the fluorescent material representing the corresponding picture dot. The a-mount'of light produced is a function of the DC. voltage on the selected wire 325 and corresponds to the light level of the corresponding pointin the picture being reproduced. Be-

thousand volt battery 332.

11 cause material 320 is a very good insulator, a very small DC. current of the order of microamperes, flows in conductor 325. The corresponding A.C. current across electrodes 301 and 362 is of the order of milli-amperes providing a current amplification of about a thousand to one and therefore a large amount of light.

The rest of the structure of FIGURE 8 is concerned with obtaining the DO. average voltage on wire 325. A decoupling resistance 326 connects wire 325 to plate 327 of an air emission discharge triode 328. A plate resistance 320 of two megohms is connected to the positive terminal of a voltage source 330 of about 22,000 volts D.C.

Air emission triode 363 is constructed according to my US. Patent No. 2,499,233 and comprises a needle 338 mounted on a good insulator 339 in elongate metallic channel shaped box-like enclosure 341. The box 341 has a large number of needles 333 opposite each of which is an opening 34! Circular opening 343 may be covered with screen wire to serve as a shielding grid if desired. Box 341 is conductive and .is connected to the negative lead of battery 330. The air emission triode comprises a control grid 343 and a plate 327 in addition to the elernents just described which serves as a cathode.

Needle 338 is connected to rotating brush 344 of a commutator driven by synchronous motor 331 and having ring segments 333 and 342. Motor 331 is synchronized on end of field signal by wire 345. Brush 344 alternativelyrcontacts sectors 333 and 347. connected respectively to the negative and positive terminals of six It will be seen that sector 342 is at the same voltage level as box 341 and opening 343.

During the interval when needle 333 is at negative six thousaind volts potential relative to opening 340, a flow of negative electrons flows through opening 343 and passes to plate 327. This electron flow is controlled by the voltage on control grid 343 relative to the voltage of the box material at the-edges of opening 340. During the short interval when brush 344 contacts sector 342 the electron flow is cut off and the instantaneous voltage on control grid343 does not affect the plate current. Grid 343 is connected, preferably through a decoupling resistor 360 to one electrode 337 of a glow discharge diode forming part of an electronic commutator 334 made in accordance with my US. Patent No. 2,474,338, comprising a needle 335 symmetrically positioned in front of two electrodes 336 and 337. Needle 335 is connected to rotating brush 339 driven by synchronized motor 331. Brush 339 makes contact for a short period with segments 340 and 341, successively. Sector 343 is connected to the positive terminal of six thousand volt battery 342 and sector 341 is connected to the negative terminal of a similar battery 343. It will be seen that thepositive charges on brush 339 discharge electrode 337 during the erasing time discussed in the above patent and in connection with FIGURE 9 below and thereafter a negative charge is applied to electrode 337. This application of charges doesnot begin immediatelyupon the contact of brush 339 with segment 341, butoccurs only during the short pulse supplied by phase shift pulse generator 328.

The radio waves received are amplified and selected in conventional manner by the television receiver 348 which supplies the end of field channel 345, the end of line channel 349 and the video channel 317. End of line channel 349 and video channel 317 are supplied to a first stage distribution system 351. Signal distributing system 351 is constructed in accordance with the techniques described in Patents Nos. 2,568,375 and 2,685,644. The successive video signals corresponding to the elemental dots of the picture arrive at a frequency about twice that of the bandwidth frequency, e.g. four megacycles per second, and are distributed in as many independent channels as there are dots in each horizontal line of the picture, e.g four hundred eighty channels. In each of these channels the video signals succeed one another at the line rate, e.g. 15,750 per second. Of course in order to make the drawing as simple as possible, only a single channel 350 is shown, corresponding to the vertical wire in the screen. It will be understood that each vertical wire 350 supplies signals to one dot in each horizontal line of the picture. In the preferred construction these dots are one above the other. Each vertical wire 350 is supplied by an independent electronic commutator having sectors similar to 340 and 341 as described above. Electrode 336 is connected to the vertical wire 350 as shown. It will be understood that successive electrodes 336', 336 are likewise so connected as shown by the stub connecting wires projecting from the heavy wire 350.

A phase shift pulse generator 328 is connected as shown. The pulses from generator 323 are synchronized on the end of field signal 345 and utilized as disclosed in my copending U.S. patent application Serial No. 12,196. There are as many output leads from phase shift pulse generator 323 as there are dots in a vertical line of the picture, e.g. four hundred eighty. One such lead is shown in the drawing connected to junction 361 through condenser 362. Junction 361 is connected in turn to electrode 337 and resistor 360 in the circuit of control grid 343. At the instant of arrival of a pulse from generator 323, the voltage of electrode 337 is abruptly changed. The duration of this pulse is of the order of one-half of the line scanning or of a second. Immediately thereafter the lead to condenser 362 returns very rapidly to its previous voltage level. The operation of the portion of the device just discussed is as follows. Before the starting of the field scanning a high positive voltage is applied by sector 340 to the needle 335 of the electronic commutator 334. As a result, both electrodes 336 and 337 receive the same positive voltage and are ready for the succeeding control step. When the needle 355 receives a high negative voltagefrom the sector 341 a glow discharge occurs from the needle 355 to the electrode 336 which, because it is connected to the vertical wire 350, drains ofl the discharge with substantially no charged particles reaching electrode 337.

At the same time the successive video signals received at television receiver 348 have been distributed among the many difierent independent channels comprising vertical wires 350. The information corresponding to the light level of the first dot of the first horizontal line of the picture has been supplied to the first vertical conductor 350 and the information corresponding to the second dot of the first line of the picture to the second conductor 350, etc., so that during the first line scanning a great number among the four hundred eighty vertical conductor wires 350 will have received voltage applications corresponding to the dot on their respective channel. As a result, each electrode 336, 336, etc. connected to the vertical wire 350 has received'the same voltage. This is true of all of the electrodes 336 in the same vertical line. Of course it will be understood that those electrodes 336b which are connected to the next succeeding vertical Wire 356' will have a different voltage corresponding to the voltage of the light level of the second dot on the first line. At'the exact instant whena pulse is produced by generator 328 of a given exact amplitude, the corresponding electrode 337 becomes more positive and during this very short interval attracts the negative particles flowing fromneedle 335 and receives a charge which corresponds to the light level of a dot which is stored on the condenser 362. It is to be noted that this condenser 362 also indicated by the letter K is the same condenser as that indicated by the letter K in FIG- URE9. As soon as the very short pulse from generator 328 ceases, the flow of electric charge to electrode 337 likewise stops. Any further glow discharge from needle 355 ceases automatically when the electrodes 337 and 336 return to the same voltage. As a result, the instantaneous voltage of the vertical conductor 350 is now "printed" or stored in the form of a charge on the electrode 337 and its associated condenser 362 also indicated by K. The character of thi voltage is shown in the wave diagram of FIGURE 10. The voltage from condenser 362 is supplied to control grid 343 through die decoupling resistor 360. During this whole interval the functioning of the glow discharge amplitfier 363 was stopped because the needle 338 has no voltage impressed thereon from brush 344. After the stored video information has been supplied to grid 343, brush 344 contacts the top sector 333 applying a high negative voltage to the needle 338, and the corresponding current reaching plate 327 produces a drop of voltage in resistor 329 which corresponds to the light level of the first dot of line 1.

In the same manner and during the same time a similar operation is produced by other electronic commutators on the remaining half of the line. Half of the video information of the dots of the horizontal line are recorded and there is a corresponding drop of voltage in the corresponding resistances 329, 329, etc. in the first horizontal line. The drop of voltage in the resistor 339 changes the ratio of the DC. voltage between the capaci ties C and C of the ferro-electric condenser comprising plates 321, 32.3, and 322, separated by the block of ferro-electricmaterial 320. A corresponding high frequency voltage is therefore applied to the local dot electrode 301 of tube 3841, producing the localized glow corresponding to the light level of that particular elemental area of the picture.

Control grid 343 or resistor 326 can be connected to any source of control voltage such as a transducer like a microphone, responsive to sound, a winding sensitive to an electric field, or a photo-electric cell sensitive to light. See for example, my French patents comprising (a) 1st addition No. 29,701 of Patent No. 574,515 for Despositif de reglage de lintensite due courant traversant une ampouli a are dans une atmosphere rarefiee de gas on de vapour; (b) No. 668,568, granted May 10, 1928, for Perfectionnement aux despositifs dallurnage des appareils stroboscopiques; (c) No. 705,689, granted February 8, 1930, for Perfectionnement aux methodes et despositifs dexploration des images en television, together with (d) the 1st addition thereof, No. 39,301, granted April 9, 1930, bearing the same title; (e) No. 812,946, granted January 27, 193 6, for Appareil Amplificateur de Lumiere; 1st addition No. 48,053 of Patent No. 804,151, granted May 15, 1936, for Perfectionnements aux appareils a exploration par faisceau cathodique utilisables notarnment en television; and (g) No. 981,296, granted April 1, 1943, for Procede permettant de controler localement la lumiere fournie par un tube a gaX rarefie et son application a la television, which show the use of a photoelectric cell connected to a glow discharge tube for light modulation and amplification. Such constructions permit signal amplifications of ten thousand to one or higher.

Particular reference is made to FIGURES 3 and 5 of 1st addition No. 29,701 showing a microphone 24 and a 93 which, in this case, provides an instantaneous light amplification of the order of 10 between the light falling on cell and that produced at lamp 93; FIGURE 12 of No. 705,689, showing photo-cell 111 modulating light source 116; FIGURE 4 of 1st addition No. 39,301; the multi-element secondary electron multiplier 7 with multielement photo-electric cell 2 of No. 812,946; FIG- URE 3 of addition No. 48,053 showing a multi-elementary light amplifier; and FIGURES 1 and 2 of No. 981,- 226, showing an application of the control of addition No. 29,701 to a multi-element screen.

FIGURE 8A shows one form of practical construction of television screen according to the arrangement of FIG- URE 8. Similar members have been indicated with a subscript so that the relationship of equivalent parts is clear. As shown, the tubes 300 are flattened and adhered to the rear face of a transparent plate 375. Plate 375 is a scess provided with a transparent conducting coating 376 of Nesa or the like grounded at 377 which provides one common electrode for all the tubes 301). The ferro-electric condenser C and C may be made of a single ceramic bar with spaced plates after the manner of FIGURE 8.

The schematic circuit of FIGURE 9 provides for storing and restoring video information or signals in each of the independent condensers 600, also indicated by K, corresponding to each elecrtro-optical element or dot of the screen 63. These are, of course, as many similar condensers 600 as there are dots in the picture presented on screen 630. Although conventional radio tubes are shown for simplicity in FIGURE 9, it will be understood that in thepreferred form of the invention the field emission diodes and triodes of FIGURE 8 and my related patents are used.

Every thirtieth of a second a periodic charge is placed on representative condenser 600 to a value corresponding to the instantaneous value of the video signal. The con-' denser 600 is periodically discharged at the end of each cycle. Triodes6i11 and 602 are connected in series and supplied by battery 603. Condenser 609 has one terminal connected between the positive terminal of battery 603 and a wire 604 leading to the cathode of tube 602. The other terminal of condenser 660 is connected to the anode of triode 601.

Under normal conditions both tubes 601 and 602 are cut off and made non-conducting by a negative bias on their grids. The grid of storing tube 661 is connected through large resistance 665 to the negative terminal of bias battery 606 and the grid of restoring tube 602 is connected through a similar resistance 607 to the negative terminal of bias battery 608.

Here again an equivalent mechanical commutator arrangement is shown in the drawing for the purpose of showing in a simple and direct manner the cycle of events which in the preferred form of the invention is accomplished by electronic commutation such as shown in the labeled section of FIGURE 11 and in my US. Patent No. 2,848,536 and my copending application Serial No. 149,062 referred to above. A synchronous motor 689 is synchronized on the end of line signal from standard receiver 6311 by channel 632 and as shown by the dash line 633 operates the three brushes 610, 611, and 612 of the charge, discharge and amplification control, respectively.

Brush 616- contacts a small conductive section 613 once every revolution. As there are five hundred twenty-five lines in standard television practice the pitch or circumferential length of segment 613 is one-five hundred twenty fifth of the circular path covered by brush 610 or approximately 41.2 minutes of arc. Brush 610 receives from first stage distribution 614 the individual video signal or dispersed video information through the corresponding lead of cable 633 for the particular vertical wire of FIGURE 8 to which it is connected. The particular horizontal line energized at any instant is determined by synchronizing signal supplied bywire 632 to synchronous motor 609, the particular picture dot to be modulated being determined by the cross-over point of the particular horizontal line and vertical line concerned of the picture.

In each vertical wire the signals arrive at a rate of- 525 30 per second. Sector 613 is connected to the grid of charging tube 601 during the short interval of contact between brush 619 and sector 613, tube 601 becomes conductive and the current charging condenser 601 is approximately proportional to the video information signal level during the short period. As a result condenser 600 acquires a charge representing the quantity of light of the corresponding elemental area or dot on the picture screen.

As brush 611 rotates it contacts a small sector 615 which is somewhat larger than sector 613, but still occupying a very small segment of are. As shown in FIGURE 9, sector 615 is phase shifted in advance of sector 613 and a safety zone is provided so that contact 611 -615 is always broken before contact 610-613 begins. This re- 1 :5 lationship will be brought out more clearly in the discussion of FIGURE 10. When brush 611 contacts sector 615 near the end of the cycle, tube 6112 becomes conducting and condenser 66% discharges abruptly exponentially.

During the most important part of the cycle condenser 66% is effectively insulated and has a stored charge corresponding to the amount of light to be produced by the dot on the picture screen 630 it represents. As a practical matter the condenser 666 is of very small capacity, less than one micro-microfarad and the voltage across its terminals is correspondingly limited, having a maximum of about twenty volts. However, the ferro-electric moduiator and the electro-optical element have a relatively large capacity, e.g. twenty microfarads requiring a few hundred volts, and a stage of amplification is desirable in most cases. Tube 625 having two control grids is provided for this purpose. The internal control grid is connected through large resistor 616 to the negative side of bias battery 617, rendering the tube 625 normally inoperative. Internal control grid is also connected to seetor 618 and becomes positive when brush 6112 comes in contact with sector 618, placing tube 625 in condition to amplify. The external control grid of tube 625 is connected to condenser 666 and the anode is connected through resistor to battery 620. 7

Sector 6 18 is of relatively large size, e.g. nine-tenths of the circumference, and located on the opposite side or out of phase with respect to sectors 613 and 615, so that tube 625 amplifies only during that portion of the time cycle when the charge is stored in condenser 66:). The contact 6 12, 613 is broken and tube 625 is cut off during those short periods during which condenser 660 is being either charged or discharged.

The anode of tube 625 is connected through decoupling resistance 621 to ferro-electric condensers 622 and to the individual elemental area electrode 623 of the gas filled tube 624. A high frequency voltage supply 634 of about twenty kc. provides the AC. power required to produce modulation of the ferro-electric condenser pair as dis-' cussed previously in connection with FIGURES 1-5. A small condenser 61) may be provided to maintain the voltage substantially constant during the short interval during which the anode current of tube 625 is cut off.

In FIGURE 10 is presented a plurality of one form of time cycle of the circuit of FIGURE 9. The curves represent possible successive voltages on the condenser 666 during a cycle. The letters a-f on the time graph correspond to the physical events similarly lettered in FIGURE 9. The period a-b will be seen to be the storing period during which brush 610 contacts sector 613 and causes tube 661 to conduct, charging condenser 606 according to the video signal information received by the respective wire of cable 633 from first stage distribution 614. At [2 tube 661 cuts off, isolating condenser 660 with its elemental area light modulating charge. The interval b-c is a safety time before the beginning of amplification by tube 625 at 0. During the interval c-d contact is closed between brush 612 and sector 618, shorting out the bias voltage of battery 617 and permitting tube 625 to amplify the signal stored on condenser 600 and provide an amplified light signal voltage to the ferro-electric condenser pair 622 through decoupling resistance 621. It will be noted as one great advantage of the present invention that the elemental area or dot on the screen energized by individual electrode 6-23 glows at a constant light level determined by the charge on condenser 66%? for the entire interval cd. The resultant efiect is to provide far more light for the production of a picture than is possible with conventional cathode ray scanning techniques. With the same current available, the differential is of the order of magnitude of ten thousand to one, the interval c-d being about three-quarters of a cycle 'while the cathode ray energization lasts about one-two hundred and fiftieths of the time allowed to scan a line.

The interval d-e is a second safety zone during which 16 tube 625 is cut off and brushes 611) and 611 are out 0 contact with segments 613 and 615. At the instant e brush 611 contacts segment 615 causing tube 662 to conduct and the abrupt exponential discharge of condenser 6&6 during the interval ef. Interval f-a is a third safety zone during which tubes 661, 662 and 625 are non-conducting and brushes 611i, 611 and 612 are out of contact with their respective arc segments.

As shown in FIGURE 10, the cycle starts again with a new video signal charge on condenser 600, which may be the same as before or a different value as the case may be. Where the charge is the same as the previous value as is true ninety percent of the time, the required bandwidth may be reduced by the insertion of a diode or the like 636 in the giid circuit of tube 602 so that tube 602 remains inoperative until the particular video signal from distributor 614 changes value. This technique is disclosed in my copending application Serial No. 409,936 for Television System Having Reduced Transmission Bandwidth, filed February 12, 1954.

FIGURE 11 shows one form of general circuit by which video signals may be supplied to the screen elements. The circuit is divided into sections separated by lines with long dashes for clarity in description. Section 4% in concerned with the reception of television radio waves and first stage distribution of the video signals among the many independent vertical channels 414 which, in the present case, number four hundred fifty and correspond to the number of elemental picture areas or data contained in each horizontal line of the picture in accordance with the technique described in my U.S. Patent No. 2,568,275.

Section 461 is concerned with the second stage of distribution of the video signals on the vertical wires 414 among the individual elemental screen areas or dots in accordance with the technique described in my U.S. Patent No. 2,474,338.

Section 462 provides amplification of the individual video signals for each dot. Reference is made to the technique described in my U.S. Patent No. 2,499,233.

Section 463 is concerned with the use of the amplified D.C. signal in a ferro-electric modulator according to the invention to obtain a high frequency AC. voltage, e.g. fifty l c., and employs the vridge circuit discussed above for the application of the video signal to elemental portions of a gas filled tube in the manner discussed in connection with FIGURE 8 to cause local excitation of the gas and/or phosphor and produce modulated light for each dot on the screen corresponding to the equivalent dot in the original scene or picture being televised.

Referring to section 401}, the very short conventional television waves are received, amplified and selected in the receiver 410 and distributed by end of -line channel 411, end of field channel 412 and video channel 413.

Sound is included as shown in the drawing. Channel 4-13 has a conventional bandwidth of 4.2 megacycles and therefore 8.4 millions of units of independent information signals arrive per second. With the present conventional standards in the United States, the end of line frequency is 30 525=l5,750 c./s., and therefore each horizontal line on the screen may. be considered as having five hundred thirtyindependent dots. However, because of the time normally allowed for the retrace of the beam in standard cathode beam tubes, 15% of the time is lost and only four hundred fifty dots are visible in eachhorizontal line of the screen. The signals received at very high speed from the single video channel 413 are first distributed cyclically among the four hundred fifty independent vertical channels or wires 414 at the low rate of 15,750 cycles/sec. by means of electronic devices in accordance with my U.S. Patent No. 2,568,735 and indicated generally at 415. Conductors 414 are connected to the vertical wires of the screen and the successive video signals transmitted by each of the wires cor-respond to the quantity of light to be produced by the elemental screen areas located one under the other along a vertical alignment of the screen. The electronic commutator is schematically represented by its mechanical counterpart for simplicity of presentation. The actual mechanical structure shown at 415 is not employed because of the difficulties in making a successful commutator with four hundred fifty segments and a brush rotating at 15,750 r.p.s. Actually, the distriubtion is obtained without moving parts by my U.S. Patent No. 2,568,735.

Each channel 414 is provided with a storage condenser 404 and the video signals are maintained at constant level until the arrival of a new signal in the same channel. As a result, the video signal level for each channel 414 is maintained at its respective value for more than three-quarters of the time interval between successive signals on each channel 414. Therefore, video signals are being effectively supplied to the screen at their respective levels, simultaneously by more than half the channels 414 during an appreciable time, e.g. of a cycle 1 (4X 15,750 See.)

permitting the second step distribution at relatively very low speed.

In section 401 the video signals arriving at the rate of 15,750 c.p.s. in each wire 414 are redistributed among the independent horizontal elements on the screen by means of air field emission glow discharge diodes 405 in accordance with my U.S. Patent No. 2,474,338. Although the term glow discharge diode is used to identify the elements 405, they are in fact eleotro-ionic commutators employing field emission in open air at room pressure.

Each of these air diodes 405 comprises a needle 416, facing two symmetrical wire electrodes 407 and 408 and one is provided for each dot on the screen. As shown in FiGURE 8A their construction can be very cheap when produced side by side on a continuous sheet. In large area screen construction the sheets comprise removable squares forming a checkerboard mosaic, each having 2500 elemental areas or dots and a diode 405 for each dot. A screen of 100 tiles would be about 10 feet square.

Each electrode wire 408 connects all the air diodes 405 in vertical alignment on the screen as suggested by slanted dotted arrows which may be thought of as in perspective. Each independent electrode 407 is connected by a very small conductor 421 to the control grid .20 of the facing air discharge field emission triode 4'70 constructed in ac cordance with the technique described in my U.S. Patent No. 2,499,233. There again as many glow discharge field emission triodes 470 are provided as there are dots on the screen and they are constructed in the manner described above. Again, dotted arrows are used to show signal transfer. They are combined in each tile with their respective air diodes. Each small wire 421 is coupled by a small capacity 423 to a horizontal conductor 422. The horizontal wires 422 receive in turn 30 pulses per second, each having a duration of about one quarter of a line scanning period,

4 X 15,750 see.

In FIGURE 11, horizontal wires 422 are shown connected to a mechanical commutator 447, which provides the pulses just mentioned. Here again the mechanical counterpart is shown in place of my electronic commutator, disclosed in application Serial No. 12,194, filed February 29, 1948, for Process for Obtaining Voltage Impulses Spaced Out in Several Conductors, and U.S. Patent No. 2,568,735. In the basic schematic system shown in section 401, a condenser 434 is periodically recharged at a low rate by DC. supply 435 through resistor 436. Condenser 434 is discharged rapidly into each of the horizontal wires 422 in turn by the commutator 437 The number of commutator sectors is twice the number of horizontal lines to be scanned (2x525) because there are twice as many wires 422 as there are lines on the screen. Here again, the purpose is to permit the alternate storing of video signals in all the electro-optical elements or dots of half the screen at a time, e.g. on the left and then on the right half, each half being served by one of the two horizontal wires 422. This alternate operation is necessary because the video signals arriving from the first stage distributor 415 are progressively timephase-shifted along the horizontal line of the picture.

The amplitude of the pulses applied to each of the wires 422 is carefully controlled at a constant maximum value. Each pulse induces in the small conductors 421 a pulse of a pre-determined signal amplitude through coupling condensers 423, causing instantaneous video signal storage at air discharge diodes 405. Commutator 437 is driven by a motor 438 synchronized on the end of field channel 402 which therefore revolves at 30 r.p.s.

Where conventional interleaved field scanning is used every other commutator sector is connected in succession to every other wire 422 of the even field, and the remaining sectors to every o her horizontal wire 422 of the odd field. Another synchronized motor 419 drives a commutator 439, having sectors 440 and 442 connected across batteries or similar supply 441 and 443 each of 6,000 volts. Wire 423 connects commutator 439 to the needles 442 of diodes 405 and applies +6,000 volts, 6,000 volts and 0 voltage thereto in succession. When +6,000 volts is applied to needle 442, the video signal remaining on electrode 407 and conductor 421 connected thereto is erased. When 6,000 volts is applied, the electro-ionic diode 405 is prepared to receive and store the new video signal because it will conduct in the proper direction. At this instant current flows to electrode 408, but none flows to electrode 407 until the potential of electrode 407 is suddenly changed by the impulse supplied by the corresponding horizontal wire 422, coupling condenser 423 and wire 421. On the arrival of the pulse at electrode 407, a current fiow occurs between needle 416 and electrode 407 until the potential on the electrodes 407 and 403 are equal and therefore correspond to the instantaneous voltage determined by the dispersed video signal applied to the vertical wire 414. As a result, each electrode 407 is supplied with a potential corresponding to that on its respective vertical wire 414 at this instant. The wires 421, corresponding to each dot on the screen along a particular horizontal line of the picture, consequently receives voltages in accordance with the light level of the data to be reproduced. The glow discharge diodes are thus able to control storage of the instantaneous voltages of all the individual vertical wires. The result may be compared with an instantaneous printing along an entire horizontal line of all the light values represented by the various voltages on the 450 vertical Wires 414. A line is then skipped where conventional scanning is employed and the next or third line is reproduced or printed with all the light values represented by the various new voltages on the vertical wires 414 at the later instant. Because two wires 422 are employed for each picture line, the above printing occurs alternately on each half of the picture. It will be seen that at any time all of the wires 421 have a potential corresponding to the light level of the respective dot or elemental area of the actual scene being televised which they individually represent, except in that small portion of the screen where the signal has been erased and a new signal is awaited.

Section 402 provides for the amplification of the small voltages on Wires 421 and the very small charge stored therein. The capacity of wire 421 is of the order of one [.L/Lf. These voltages are amplified individually in each glow discharge or air field emission triode 420. Each triode 420 comprises a needle 425, a control grid 409 and a plate 416 with a plate resistor 417 connected to a common D.C. supply 418 of 2,000 volts. Needles 425 are connected in parallel to the brush of commutator 430 which applies voltages of plus or minus 6,000 volts, or zero voltage thereto. Commutator 430 is driven by the same motor 419 as commutator 439, and is synchronized with the end of field signal. Sector 427 is positioned so that its circuit is closed when the circuit of commutator 439 is open. Therefore, there is no voltage on needle 425 of triode 420 during the time of erasing and storing of information on wire 421. After the new video signal' has been received and stored by conductor 421 and applied to control grid 420, the 6,000 volts from battery 419 is applied to needle 425 which cause triode 470 to conduct and amplify the video signal, during threequarters or more of the cycle. Current of the order of one micro-ampere and potentials as high as a thousand volts can be obtained in the output circuit of plate 426, while the controlling voltage on wire 421 is only about ten or twenty volts.

It should be noted that sections 401 and 402 would require no more than about twenty phase-shifted commutators 430 and 439. The scanning of all lines of a field is not simultaneous, but the high voltage can be applied to the needles a little before or after the appropriate times. It will be understood that electronic commutation will be employed. The mechanical showing, while equivalent, is used primarily for illustration.

Section 403 shows the connection of the structure of FIGURES 6 or 7 to the outputs of the amplifier section 402. A wire containing decoupling resistor 443 connects the plate 426 of triode 470 to the middle lead of a pair of ferro-electric condensers 444 and 445 which correspond to their counterparts shown in FIGURES 6, 7, 8 and 9. The terminal leads 446 and 447 of the aligned pairs of condensers 444, 445 are connected in parallel and supplied by an oscillating circuit 448 at a frequency of the order of twenty to fifty kc., from a powerful oscillator, similar to the circuits of FIGURES 7 and 8. A ferro-electric bridge circuit is formed, as explained above. The amplitude of the high frequency voltage appearing at electrode 449, connected to the middle lead of paired condensers 444445, is a function of the amplitude of the D.C. voltage supplied from plate 426. Each electrode 449 represents an elemental area or dot on the screen and the light produced by the local excitation of the phosphor is a function of the corresponding video signal on wire 413.

FIGURE 11A shows one form of electronic commutation circuit for replacing the mechanical commutator 430 and is included by way of example for the substitution of electronic commutation for all the mechanical commutators. A double throw double pole switch 490 shows the connections by which the electronic commutation of FIGURE 11A may be substituted for mechanical commutator 437 and vice versa. When the middle movable member of switch 490 is thrown to the right, the mechanical commutator 437 functions and when thrown left the electronic commutator of FIGURE 11A functions. Commutation is obtained by two gas filled thyratrons 475 and 476 connected in series and fired alternately. synchronize a small oscillator 477, the output of which is used to generate two phase-shifted alternating currents of the same frequency. Phase-shift is obtained by inductance 478 and capacitance 479 which are variable. The

grids of thyratrons 475 and 476 are normally negatively biased by battery 480 and are supplied in addition with the secondary voltage of small transformers 481 and 482. The grids become positive for only a short period of time, during which the thyratrons are conducting. Ad-

justment of inductance 478 and capacitance 479 permits 70 regulation of the firing time. Both thyratrons are supplied in series by D.C. voltage 483. When thyratron 475 is conducting and 476 is non-conducting, junction 484 is at the same potential as lead 485 on battery 483. When The end of the field signal is connected to 0 -6,000 volts. The potential difference between wire 485 and junction 484 varies from zero to 6,000 volts cyclically in synchronism with end of line signal and provides the pulse train discussed above in connection with mechanical commutators 430. A condenser 486 causes abrupt extinction of the thyratrons giving a sharp rectangular pulse output.

It will be understood that a circuit similar to that of FIGURE 11A or identical therewith, except for the circuit constants, is preferably used instead of the other mechanical commutators of any of the figures of the drawing.

FIGURE 12 shows an adaptation of the present invention to one form of color television tube in which the various color elements are on the same line normal to the plane of the picture rather than side by side. An observer positioned on the right sees light from a given elemental screen area as green, blue or red, as the case may be, at a given instant. An instant later the same elemental area may be an entirely diiferent color.

A color television receiver screen 500 is made up of a series of elongate tube elements each having a series of elemental portions energized bycondenser elements as described previously with the difference that the array of tubes is three deep, one layer for each color, making three times as many tubes and elemental areas as in the black-and-white or monochromatic receiver.

An outer tube element 501 is filled with argon or nitrogen at low pressure capable of producing ultraviolet light which penetrates the tube walls and energizes two transparent layers 502 and 503 of phosphor capable of furnishing green light of a desired saturation. Front phosphor layer 502 is covered by a transparent conducting coating 504 of acidified gelatin or plastic material. A similar layer or transparent conducting coating 505 covers the rear phosphor layer 503. Coating 505 may take the form of lead glass with the acidified gelatin applied thereto, if desired. The conducting coating 505 is grounded at 506 by connecting wire 507.

A second tube 508 transparent to ultraviolet is likewise filled with nitrogen at low pressure and is coated on the outside with transparent layers 509 and 510 of a phosphor yielding blue light. Phophor layers 509 and 510 are covered respectively with transparent conducting layers of acidified gelatin 511 and 512 which correspond to coatings 504 and 505 of tube 501. Layer 512 is also grounded at 506 through wire 507. Coatings 505 and 511 are preferably separated by an air gap of two to four mils as at 513.

The third tube 514 is filled with neon at low pressure giving an orange light. Tube 514 has a transparent conducting coating 515 of acidified gelatin on its forward side and a reflecting conducting coating 516 of metallic silver, nickel, chromium or the like metal foil, metallic paint, or similar material which is grounded at 506 by wire 507. A red optical filter 517 which passes red only and gives high saturation is positioned between the two conductive coatings 512 and 515.

The signal supply circuit for the color tube 500 comprises the double condenser and air field emission technique discussed above. Three double condensers 518, 519 and 520 have their outer plates connected in parallel by wires 521 and 522 which are connected across a fifty kc. oscillator 523 which supplies all the dots or elemental picture areas as previously discussed.

The central common plate of condenser 518 is connected to junction 523 with wire 524 which is the green control electrode leading from transparent conducting coating 504. Junction 523 is connected to the plate of air field emission glow discharge triode 525 through decoupling resistor 526. Plate resistor 527 is connected to junction 523 and to wire 528 leading to the positive terminal of a 2,000 volt D.C. source 529.

In the same manner, the middle plate of double ferrothe thyratrons are reversed in action, junction 484 is at electric condenser 519 is connected to a junction 530 to 

